The New York Not for Profit Corporation Law

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On November 21, 2022, Governor Kathy Hochul signed into law new legislation, which amends certain provisions of the New York Not-For-Profit Corporation Law (the “N-PCL”).  The legislation, described in detail below, “modernizes provisions of law relating to members, directors and officers to align with current practices, streamline procedures and…

In April, the New York State Attorney General’s office released guidance addressing key provisions of the New York Not-for-Profit Corporation Law.   For in-depth analysis of the Attorney General’s guidance, click here for an article by Proskauer attorneys Roger Cohen and Ellen Moskowitz.  For this blog’s coverage of the New York…

Under the Not-for-Profit Corporation Law (“NPCL”) it is relatively clear that (i) any committee with corporate authority must be comprised only of trustees, and (ii) committees must be appointed by the board, and not, for example, by the chair (other than special committees).  (The foregoing may not apply if otherwise provided by the certificate of incorporation.)

The NPCL currently distinguishes between (i) the executive committee and other standing committees, on one hand, and (ii) special committees, on the other hand.

Executive and standing committees must be appointed by a majority of the entire board pursuant to Section 712(a) which provides, in part, that “the board, by resolution adopted by a majority of the entire board, may designate from among its members an executive committee and other standing committees, each consisting of three or more directors, and each of which, to the extent provided in the resolution . . . shall have all the authority of the board, except . . . .”  (Emphasis added.)

The New York Non-Profit Revitalization Act of 2013 (the “Act”), which was passed by the New York State legislature in June, was signed into law by Governor Andrew Cuomo last week. The Act seeks to modernize the New York Not-For-Profit Corporation Law (the “NPCL”), and is the first major overhaul of the NPCL in four decades.

The Act goes into effect on July 1, 2014.

Details of some of the changes to the NPCL include:

• In a critically important victory for common-sense corporate governance, notices and consents under the NPCL may be sent via e-mail and fax.

• Instead of defining not-for-profit corporations as Type A, B, C, or D (a classification system that has bedeviled New York lawyers for years), such entities will be simply “charitable” or “non-charitable.” Former Type-A corporations will be non-charitable, while all others will be charitable. Charitable purposes are defined as “charitable, educational, religious, scientific, literary, cultural or for the prevention of cruelty to children or animals.”

• The New York Executive Law requires submission of audit reports to the Attorney General for entities registered to solicit and collect funds for charitable purposes. The new law raises the gross revenue thresholds for such audits over time. Starting on July 1, 2014, certified audits will be required for those entities with revenue and support in excess of $500,000. The threshold will be raised to $750,000 as of July 1, 2017 and $1 million as of July 1, 2021.

In what is characterized as a “Revitalization Act,” and which certainly is a modernization, the New York State legislature has passed and placed before Governor Andrew Cuomo changes to the Not-for-Profit (“NFP”) Corporation Law. The current version of the law, if signed by the Governor, will allow for use of electronic communications (e-mail and fax) more broadly, increase the gross revenue floor for reporting and mandatory independent audits, eliminate the NFP corporation types that have bedeviled New York lawyers for years, mandate conflict of interest and whistleblower protection polices, establish clearer rules on related-party transactions, and enhance the Attorney General’s authority to approve (without further review by a Court), certificates of amendment and corporate mergers and dissolutions. The law will also specifically allow the use of committees for certain super-majority board approval matters such as leases, make every officer and director subject to the jurisdiction of New York courts no matter where they may reside, prohibit employees of NFP corporations from serving as chair of its board, and otherwise generally conform and improve the existing law.

With the plethora of news articles about charitable endowment losses as a result of investments with Bernie Madoff, it is incumbent on fiduciaries to review some fundamental laws on endowment.  These laws differ in each state.  This article will briefly review the rules applicable to endowments in New York.

An endowment fund is created when a person or entity donates money to a charity with the condition that the corporation cannot spend the money freely (commonly known as “permanently restricted”). The original donation is called the historic dollar value, that is, the aggregate fair value in dollars of (i) an endowment fund at the time it became an endowment fund; (ii) each subsequent donation to the fund at the time it is made, and (iii) each accumulation made pursuant to a direction in the applicable gift instrument at the time the accumulation is added to the fund. In New York, the governing board of an endowment fund operates under standards and guidelines from The New York Not for Profit Corporation Law (“NPC”), the New York Attorney General (“Attorney General”) and because New York has adopted it, principles of the Uniform Management of Institutional Funds Act (“UMIFA”).

Rules Governing Endowment Funds

New York law requires a governing board of a non-profit corporation to use all assets received for the purposes specified by the donor, including payment of reasonable and proper expenses. The board must also account for the endowment fund separate from other accounts. Further, the treasurer of the non-profit corporation must provide members of the board with annual reports of the fund’s assets and income, unless the donor states otherwise.

The Prudence Standard

Directors and officers of a non-profit corporation must discharge the duties of their positions in good faith and with the degree of diligence, care and skill which ordinarily prudent men would exercise under similar circumstances, according to the NPC and UMIFA. Before deciding whether to appropriate appreciation from endowment funds, the board must consider factors, such as the long and short term needs of the corporation in carrying out its purposes, its present and anticipated financial needs, expected return on total investments, price level trends and general economic conditions.